Module 11b. Piston Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures And Systems

11.1 Theory of Flight

11.1.1. Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls

Operation and effect of:
— roll control: ailerons and spoilers,
— pitch control: elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilisers and canards,
— yaw control, rudder limiters;
Control using elevons, ruddervators;
High lift devices, slots, slats, flaps, flaperons;
Drag inducing devices, spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes;
Effects of wing fences, saw tooth leading edges;
Boundary layer control using, vortex generators, stall wedges or leading edge devices;
Operation and effect of trim tabs, balance and antibalance (leading) tabs, servo tabs, spring tabs, mass balance, control surface bias, aerodynamic balance panels.

11.1.2. High Speed Flight — N/A

11.2 Airframe Structures — General Concepts

(a) Airworthiness requirements for structural strength; 
Structural classification, primary, secondary and tertiary;
Fail safe, safe life, damage tolerance concepts;
Zonal and station identification systems;
Stress, strain, bending, compression, shear, torsion, tension, hoop stress, fatigue;
Drains and ventilation provisions;
System installation provisions;
Lightning strike protection provision;
Aircraft bonding.

(b) Construction methods of: stressed skin fuselage, formers, stringers, longerons, bulkheads, 
frames, doublers, struts, ties, beams, floor structures, reinforcement, methods of skinning,
anti-corrosive protection, wing, empennage and engine attachments;
Structure assembly techniques: riveting, bolting, bonding;
Methods of surface protection, such as chromating, anodising, painting;
Surface cleaning;
Airframe symmetry: methods of alignment and symmetry checks.

11.3 Airframe Structures — Aeroplanes

11.3.1 Fuselage (ATA 52/53/56) 1 2

Construction and pressurisation sealing;
Wing, tail-plane, pylon and undercarriage attachments;
Seat installation;
Doors and emergency exits: construction and operation;
Windows and windscreen attachment.

11.3.2 Wings (ATA 57)

Construction;
Fuel storage;
Landing gear, pylon, control surface and high lift/drag attachments.

11.3.3 Stabilisers (ATA 55) 
Construction;
Control surface attachment.

11.3.4 Flight Control Surfaces (ATA 55/57)

Construction and attachment;
Balancing — mass and aerodynamic.

11.3.5 Nacelles/Pylons (ATA 54) 

Nacelles/Pylons:
— Construction,
— Firewalls,
— Engine mounts.

11.4 Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurisation (ATA 21)

Pressurisation and air conditioning systems;
Cabin pressure controllers, protection and warning devices;
Heating systems.

11.5 Instruments/Avionic Systems

11.5.1 Instrument Systems (ATA 31)

Pitot static: altimeter, air speed indicator, vertical speed indicator;
Gyroscopic: artificial horizon, attitude director, direction indicator, horizontal situation
indicator, turn and slip indicator, turn coordinator;
Compasses: direct reading, remote reading;Angle of attack indication, stall warning systems;
Glass cockpit;
Other aircraft system indication.

11.5.2 Avionic Systems

Fundamentals of system lay-outs and operation of:
— Auto Flight (ATA 22),
— Communications (ATA 23),
— Navigation Systems (ATA 34).

11.6 Electrical Power (ATA 24)

Batteries Installation and Operation;
DC power generation;
Voltage regulation;
Power distribution;
Circuit protection;
Inverters, transformers.

11.7 Equipment and Furnishings (ATA 25)

(a) Emergency equipment requirements; 
Seats, harnesses and belts;
(b) Cabin lay-out; 
Equipment lay-out;
Cabin Furnishing installation;
Cabin entertainment equipment;
Galley installation;
Cargo handling and retention equipment;
Airstairs.

11.8 Fire Protection (ATA 26)

(a) Fire and smoke detection and warning systems; 
Fire extinguishing systems;
System tests;
(b) Portable fire extinguisher.

11.9 Flight Controls (ATA 27)

Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder;
Trim tabs;
High lift devices;System operation: manual;
Gust locks;
Balancing and rigging;
Stall warning system.

11.10 Fuel Systems (ATA 28)

System lay-out;
Fuel tanks;
Supply systems;
Cross-feed and transfer;
Indications and warnings;
Refuelling and defuelling.

11.11 Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)

System lay-out;
Hydraulic fluids;
Hydraulic reservoirs and accumulators;
Pressure generation: electric, mechanical;
Filters;
Pressure Control;
Power distribution;
Indication and warning systems.

11.12 Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)

Ice formation, classification and detection;
De-icing systems: electrical, hot air, pneumatic and chemical;
Probe and drain heating;
Wiper systems.

11.13 Landing Gear (ATA 32)

Construction, shock absorbing;
Extension and retraction systems: normal and emergency;
Indications and warning;
Wheels, brakes, antiskid and autobraking;                              Tyres;
Steering;
Air-ground sensing.

11.14 Lights (ATA 33)

External: navigation, anti collision, landing, taxiing, ice;
Internal: cabin, cockpit, cargo;
Emergency

11.15 Oxygen (ATA 35)

System lay-out: cockpit, cabin;
Sources, storage, charging and distribution;
Supply regulation;
Indications and warnings.

11.16 Pneumatic/Vacuum (ATA 36)

System lay-out;
Sources: engine/APU, compressors, reservoirs, ground supply;
Pressure control;
Distribution;
Indications and warnings;
Interfaces with other systems.

11.17 Water/Waste (ATA 38)

Water system lay-out, supply, distribution, servicing and draining;
Toilet system lay-out, flushing and servicing;
Corrosion aspects.